Science in Action: A Puzzle

To learn how omega-3 affects brain function, I’ve been doing a letter-counting test several times per day. I’ve posted some results. Several times after exercise (treadmill and street walking) my reaction times were faster than expected — meaning my brain was working better than expected.

Does exercise improve brain function? In a chapter on self-experimentation that he and I wrote, Allen Neuringer described several experiments in which other measures of brain function improved after exercise. I wanted to learn more about this for two reasons: 1. Reduce “noise”. If I know how much exercise is needed to get the effect, I can be careful to stay below level that while doing omega-3 experiments. 2. Practical value. You might call it nature’s caffeine.

So I did a little experiment. I walked on a flat treadmill for 30 minutes and did the letter-counting test several times. Here are the results:

exercise effect?

The line shows the middle of the exercise; the exercise ended a few minutes before the first post-exercise test. To my surprise, the first post-exercise test showed no effect. I was wrong, I thought. But to my further and greater surprise later tests showed an effect in the predicted direction.

Between the first post-exercise test and the second, I took a shower. I will need to see if showers have an effect. If not, then apparently exercise has a delayed effect. No one has ever proposed this, I’m pretty sure.

Most of my self-experimentation has studied elements of ancient life. Omega-3, for example — I believe our ancestors ate lots of seafood (the Aquatic Ape Theory). They surely walked a lot.

My Theory of Human Evolution (quasi-reinforcement edition)

My theory of human evolution assumes that art evolved because it acted like a ramp. It helped bridge the technical gap between one useful tool and the next. Tools have the property that almost all the necessary knowledge is no help. If you have 90% of the technical knowledge you need to build a gun, you can’t build a gun that works 90% as well as an actual gun; in fact, you won’t be able to build a useful gun at all. The point is even clearer with computers: Until you have a vast amount of technical knowledge, you can’t build even the crudest possible computer. When you finally get enough knowledge to build a very crude but working version, then increases in technical knowledge will help you improve it. But eventually you will reach a ceiling where more technical knowledge has little payoff. This state of affairs is shown by the “without art” function of this graph:

the function of art

Art is different. Because we value novelty in art, and improvements in technology have obvious effects (e.g., new colors, brighter colors, sharper lines), each little improvement in technology — in the “state of the art” — is rewarded, long before that increase in knowledge helps build something more conventionally useful. Artists were the first material scientists.

Support for my assumption that evolution can build such ramps comes from a little-known psychological effect called quasi-reinforcement discovered by Allen Neuringer and Shin-Ho Chung. Suppose you require a pigeon to peck a key 300 times to get food. It will peck, but slowly. Now you change the situation so that every 20 pecks a light comes on for a few seconds. Although the pigeon will not peck a key simply to turn on a light, this change will roughly double the peck rate — a huge increase given that food per peck hasn’t changed. It’s like doubling the amount of work you get from an employee without a salary increase. I use this effect daily. Given any large task, I break it into much smaller tasks and mark the completion of each one. A friend of mine found it helped to make a mark on a piece of paper each time she read a textbook page. The quasi-reinforcement effect is essentially a ramp that helps us do long tasks that would otherwise pay off only when completed.

To me, blogging is a kind of ramp: It breaks a big task (e.g., writing about my omega-3 research) into much smaller parts with reward after each one.

Can Professors Say the Truth? (more from Deirdre McCloskey — and the email she doesn’t want you to see)

Continuing our voluminous correspondence (here, here, here, here, and here), Deirdre McCloskey wrote again:

Dear Professor Roberts:

Yup. [In answer to my question “In your last letter, by ‘self-experimentation’ did you mean dress as a woman?”] That should be obvious to you. That it’s not, and that you sneer at the idea, is indicative. No one who has not actually tried to pass in the other gender has any idea what it is like not to pass, how dangerous and embarrassing it is. No one who has not tried the experiment can have any idea how important it is to have nose jobs and the like. It’s exactly out of such non-self-experimentation, and the lack of real empathy it implies, that the God-wants-you-to-be-thus, Clarke Institute torturing comes.

I don’t remember our discussion about Crossing.

You think Bailey’s book will be a powerful force for toleration? I suppose you’ve actually looked at the evidence, right? You’ve consulting the blogs, and you’ve read the hate mail? And your conclusion is. . . what? That a wave of transphobic filth stimulated by your blog and Carey’s article will lead, somehow, to the promised land? You have here a questionable social theory, but let’s hope you’re right.

Disagreement, as you should well know from your own self-experimentation, is not the same as “harassment.” Nor is holding people to ethical standards in their scientific behavior. We didn’t “do” anything to Bailey. We exercised our rights as free citizens and as ethical scientists. That you were “appalled” shows that you got fired up by Carey’s article (just as he wished) and didn’t bother inquire—as you easily could have done (you keep making a point of our previous e-mail relationship) but most assuredly did not before shooting off your ill-considered blog—with the principals. You wanted the story to be Bailey = Galileo, and were not going to let such silly things as evidence stand in the way. You’ve stoutly defended it ever since, with no heed to the evidence.

I’m not impressed that you praise Holocaust deniers, or that you give standing to naive creationism. It just shows what is evident in your defense of Bailey, that you are willing to encourage the worst in our society in aid of a simpleton’s version of “fairness.” You would have been “fair” to Goebbels and the Inquisition, the Ku Klux Klan and the first Chinese emperor. Your position of “Let them have uncriticized speech to advocate idiotic and harmful proposals” depends on people like Lynn and me exercising our free speech to criticize such people. You would be the first person the Nazis you defend would come for. No, actually, on second thought, you would be the second, after me.

Sincerely,

Deirdre

I replied:

Dear Professor McCloskey:

I don’t “sneer” at the self-experimentation you propose. It has a long and admirable history.

I did not get “fired up by Carey’s article.” My blog posts on this topic appeared before his article.

I mentioned our correspondence about Crossing in my blog posts about this.

I didn’t “praise Holocaust deniers” — I just think they shouldn’t be harassed or silenced.

I don’t mind criticism of Bailey — of course not. I mind attempts to ruin him — which is what your and Conway’s absurd complaints to authorities were.

Sincerely,

Seth Roberts

She wrote again:

Dear Professor Roberts:

Let’s make this a convergent series, by undertaking to answer in half the space as the last one. Your only–only–argument against our complaints about Bailey’s behavior is to assert repeatedly, unadorned by evidence, that they were “absurd.” Northwestern University did not think them absurd. They fired Bailey from the chairmanship; they investigated him for a year. The lawyer we consulted did not think them absurd; nor did the state licensing bureau. Alas, the statute of limitation had run out.

We did nothing to “silence” anyone. Get this: we are not the government. We argued with Bailey. We complained about his behavior. None of that constitutes “silencing,” unless indeed poor, dear Bailey is too feeble for this world.

Regards,

Deirdre

I replied:

Dear Professor McCloskey:

Please see my earlier letter for a detailed explanation, including evidence, of why your complaints were absurd. No one has ever gone to a mugger and asked to be mugged. That’s my evidence for your State of Illinois complaint. And no one has ever been considered a research subject because they were in a story in a trade book. That’s my evidence for your Northwestern complaint.

When you say that Bailey left the chairmanship because of your complaints, you are wrong.

“We did nothing to ‘silence’ anyone.” If you don’t understand the term chilling effect, we are again at a curious point in intellectual history.

Sincerely,

Seth Roberts

She wrote again:

Dear Professor Roberts:

Anyone who is chilled by being challenged intellectually, I suppose you agree, doesn’t belong in intellectual life.

Anyone who is chilled by being investigated for wrongdoing when he’s done wrong is just a moral coward, as I reckon Bailey to be. You don’t understand The Letter if you don’t think the women were mugged. You’ve not walked in those shoes, or bothered to find out. You haven’t read Bailey’s book if you think the women were not “research subjects.” He called them that, and bragged about it. After the book came out he said, oh, it was “only a trade book. Not science.”

Regards,

Deirdre

I replied:

Dear Professor McCloskey,

If you believe that Bailey should be punished for helping those who came to him for help, you have a most unusual and unfortunate view of how people should treat each other.

If you can’t tell the difference between a trade book and a research monograph, we are again at a curious place in intellectual history.

Sincerely,

Seth Roberts

On her website, McCloskey includes almost all our correspondence. The omissions are trivial, with one exception: She doesn’t include this email from me, in spite of including her reply to it. Curious!

I wrote to her about the omission:

Dear Deirdre:

Thanks for posting our correspondence on your website. I too am glad we had it. A tiny flaw: You omit my email below (“If you believe…”).

Seth

No answer. One of the few letters from me she didn’t answer. She continued writing to me. I believe she omitted that email from her website because it makes things too clear.